SANCTION
Sanction is a positive or negative response by an
individual or group to behavior and designed to encourage or discourage that
behavior.
Positive sanction would include rewards, compliments,
applause, or smiles, while negative sanctions would include punishments, frowns,
avoidance, or gossip.
Sanctions can be informal (coming from friends and
neighbors) or formal (coming from authorized institutions like the police, the government,
the school), and must be seen as forms of social control.
Sanction: A Critical Element in Action Research -
Alfred W. Clark - Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, London - The Journal
of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 8, No. 6, 713-731 (1972)
Analysis of this case study supports the view that broad-based and continuous sanction is
critical in the practice of action research. An attempt was made to create the conditions
for change in an organisation by helping its members develop a statement of their
philosophy of management. This was intended to provide a shared basis for action. Sanction
for the change in values was not, however, sufficiently established. Members sensed this,
particularly as they were exposed to conflicting messages from powerful figures. For
instance, words often implied approval whereas action implied otherwise. Caught in this
double bind, pivotal members first vacillated then withdrew their participation and
support. The practitioners' position became untenable and the programme collapsed. -
jab.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/6/713
Shame as a Sanction of Social Control in Biblical Israel:
Judicial, Political, and Social Shaming
Lyn M. Bechtel, Moravian Theological Seminary Bethlehem, PA 18018, USA
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Vol. 16, No. 49 (1991) © 1991 SAGE
Publications
The history of Judeo-Christian biblical interpretation reflects a strong emphasis on the
sanction of guilt; yet the sanction of shame probably plays a more significant role in the
society. Shame is a different emo tional response and sanction, arising out of different
psychological forces and functioning in different social constructions from guilt. As a
sanction of behavior shame functions primarily as (1) a means of social control which
attempts to repress aggressive or undesirable behavior; (2) as a pressure that preserves
social cohesion in the com munity through rejection and the creation of social distance
between deviant members and the group; and (3) as an important means of dominating others
and manipulating social status. Its coercive power is available officially to state or
local authorities as a formal sanction (judicial and political shaming) and unofficially
to the community as an informal social sanction (social shaming). It is effective in a pre
dominantly group-oriented social structure. -
jot.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/49/47
| |
E-Books
|