MISOGYNY

Misogyny is hatred or strong prejudice against women.

“The misogyny that shapes every aspect of our civilization is the institutionalized form of male fear and hatred of what they have denied and therefore cannot know, cannot share: that wild country, the being of women.” - Ursula K. LeGuin

"The foundations of early Christian misogyny - its guilt about sex, its insistence on female subjection, its dread of female seduction- are all in St. Paul's epistles. They provided a convenient supply of divinely inspired misogynistic texts for any Christian writer who chose to use them; his statements on female subjection were still being quoted in the twentieth century opponents of equality for women" The Troublesome Helpmate: A History of Misogyny in Literature Katherine M. Rogers

The Germans are like women, you can scarcely ever fathom their depths - Freidrich Nietzsche

Nietzsche is known for arguing that every higher form of civilisation implied stricter controls on women [Beyond Good and Evil, 7:238]; he frequently insulted women, but is best known for phrases such as "Women are less than shallow," and "Are you going to women? Do not forget the whip!" - Burgard, Peter J. (May 1994). Nietzsche and the Feminine Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.

Misogyny, Women, and Obstacles to Tertiary Education: A Vile Situation 
Joyce Stalker, University of Waikato, Adult Education Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 4, 288-305 (2001) © 2001 American Association for Adult and Continuing Education
For decades, researchers, theoreticians, and practitioners have attempted unsuccessfully to ensure women's full and active participation in all areas of tertiary education. This article uses empirical data to demonstrate that misogyny (a hatred of women) creates a useful, sharper theorization from which to explicate obstacles to women's participation in tertiary education. Using misogyny to interpret traditional deterrence themes such as lack of energy, family commitments, and child care responsibilities produces new meanings for these barriers. Such theorization encompasses many of the complex experiences of women and explains what we intuitively understand about their implications. This article suggests that a theorization based in misogyny has the ability to explain obstacles to women's participation in tertiary education, to offer new solutions, and to challenge us to move away from "nice " concepts that have failed to deliver safe and productive pathways for women who wish to participate in tertiary education. - aeq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/51/4/288

MISOGYNY ON AND OFF THE "PITCH" - The Gendered World of Male Rugby Players 
STEVEN P. SCHACHT, Gonzaga University, Spokane 
Gender & Society, Vol. 10, No. 5, 550-565 (1996) © 1996 Sociologists for Women in Society
From a feminist perspective and using an ethnographic methodology, this article explores the gendered world of male rugby players in terms of how they socially and relationally propagate gender roles. Rugby players' social reproduction of gender, ultimately grounded in misogyny, allows these men at the individual level to psychologically and sometimes physically dominate women. At the societal level, rugby, like many sporting practices, both reflects and supports a hierarchical ideology of masculinity and the subordination of women. - gas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/5/550

Misogyny, Androgyny, and Sexual Harassment: Sex Discrimination in a Gender-Deconstructed World, MEREDITH RENDER, University of Maryland - School of Law 
University of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2007-5 
Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, Vol. 29, pp. 99-150, 2006 
Abstract: Understanding sexual harassment as a form of discrimination "because of sex" has grown increasingly difficult as our understandings of both gender and sex have grown richer and more complex. This piece offers a new descriptive model for understanding gender bias in the context of sexual harassment law. The piece argues that two separate sets of ideas about gender have intersected to produce a new picture of gender "equality": one that is separated from a binary model of men and women, but that nonetheless continues to disadvantage women as compared to men. The paper refers to this idea as the androcentric-assimilation model of female liberation and argues that the adoption of this particular model of female liberation has presented an assimilation option to women who wish to "succeed" while obfuscating the fact that our ideas about gender remain hierarchically arranged. The paper suggests that this phenomenon may underlie some of the mystery surrounding gendered workplace outcomes, and specifically that this descriptive framing provides a foundation for understanding sexual harassment - an ostensibly gender-neutral behavior when one considers that women can harass men as well as one another - as a tool of discrimination that continues to disproportionately disadvantage women. The piece concludes, therefore, that sexual harassment law is properly conceptualized within an antidiscrimination framework. - papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=961363

Machismo, misogyny, and homophobia in a male athletic subculture: a participant-observation study of deviant rituals in collegiate rugby 
Muir, Kenneth; Seitz, Trina - Deviant Behavior, Volume 25, Number 4, July–August 2004
Abstract: Sociological literature focusing on athletic subcultures is abundant; however, little exists that specifically addresses the deviant conduct inherent within these enclaves. Save a few select studies, this is especially true of male collegiate rugby in the United States. Collegiate rugby in the United States is considered by many to be an emerging sport; as such, little is known about the deviant conduct, both criminal and non-criminal, that is inherent within the subculture. Utilizing participant and non-participant observation over the course of several years, this study explores the ritualistic deviant conduct within the male collegiate rugby subculture. The behavior is framed in terms of a functional group phenomenon that appears to be largely perpetuated by the notions of homophobia, machismo, and misogyny. Variations of social learning theories are discussed as possible frameworks by which to examine this unique behavior in future analyses. - ingentaconnect.com

Male Competition and Misogyny in Two Interludes by John Heywood, Louis C.
Journal of Gender Studies, Volume 11, Number 2, 1 July 2002, pp. 129-139(11)
Abstract: This article examines two interludes by the Tudor playwright John Heywood in light of the gender politics of the texts. The Four PP is interpreted as a dramatization of a male contest that encourages bonding and good fellowship on the one hand, and degrades the female body on the other. Johan Johan is seen as another male contest, but one set in a farcical, carnivalesque genre which addresses male anxieties by temporarily upsetting the normal sexual hierarchy. The effect of these texts on the audience is to encourage male mockery of women and to coerce female acceptance of these views of women. - ingentaconnect.com

Charcot and the myth of misogyny - Christopher G. Goetz, MD, From Rush University/Rush Presbyterian St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, IL. 
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Jean-Martin Charcot’s attitudes toward women and evaluate contemporary and modern accusations of misogyny. 
BACKGROUND: During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, issues of women’s health and feminism became increasingly a medical and political priority. Early neurologists, and specifically Charcot, have been criticized for retarding the advancement of women, but the issue has never been studied in detail. 
METHODS: Review of original documents from the Bibliothèque Charcot, archives of the Sorrel-Dejerine and Leguay families, and materials from the Académie de Médecine, Paris. 
RESULTS: Several lines of evidence demonstrate that Charcot, although highly authoritarian and patronizing toward patients and colleagues in general, fostered the concepts of advancing women in the medical profession and eliminating former gender biases in neurologic disorders. The first woman extern in Paris, Blanche Edwards, worked directly under Charcot, and he later became her thesis advisor. When women lobbied for entrance rights to the intern competition, Charcot was one of the few professors to sign the original petition of support. Charcot worked extensively with hysteria and female patients, although he energetically rejected the idea that the disorder was restricted to women. He categorically deplored ovariectomy as a treatment for women with hysteria. His most important scientific contribution in the study of hysteria was his identification of the disorder in men. 
CONCLUSIONS: Although overtly apolitical throughout his life and certainly not a feminist in the modern definition of the term, Charcot worked to incorporate women professionally into neurology, advanced areas of women’s health through his long-term commitment to work in a largely women’s hospital (the Salpêtrière), and dispelled the prejudice that hysteria was a woman’s malady. - neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/52/8/1678

Misogyny in the nursing world? A historical overview [Article in Spanish]
Zapico F, Adrian J., Escuela Universitaria de Enfermeria Valle Hebron de Barcelona.
Through history, there have been men and women who have cared for injured warriors, attended to expectant mothers, cared for those most unprotected or attended to the health of children and sick older people. This is a fact which the History of Nursing does not ignore. Nonetheless, it is no less certain that since their origins, surgical practices and therapeutic specialties in the hands of men have enjoyed an enormous social recognition while those treatment practices and care tasks which have women as their main protagonists frequently fall into a forgotten and silent place. Now the question is to what is due such an asymmetric and sexual evaluation of these tasks? How are these differences among men and women and among doctors and nurses expressed and explained? Basically these are viewed through a dense network of images, symbols and social stereotypes which codify their behaviors, regulate their activities, prescribe their expectations and construct their tastes. All this is a subtle, polymorphic strategy for androcentric normalization of feminine reality which, as is to be expected, does not escape being designated as specific roles for female caretakers either. The authors examine the Florence Nightingale model to ascertain whether or not this model is capable to overcome, eliminate or transform some of the androcentric patterns described in the previous article or, to the contrary, whether or not these patterns still persevere and are transmitted to present day, even though only in a deceptive manner. - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

'She's a pretty woman…for a gook': The Misogyny of the Vietnam War 
The Journal of American Culture 12 (3), 55–65. doi:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1989.1203_55.x 

Barbara Helm - Combating Misogyny? Responses to Nietzsche by Turn ... - muse.jhu.edu/ journals/journal_of_nietzsche_studies/v027/27.1helm.html

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