IMMIGRATION

Immigration is the movement of peoples into a country or territory. Movement of people within countries is generally referred to as migration.

Immigration is long-term permanent residence by the immigrants. Short-term visitors like tourists are not considered immigrants.

Seasonal labour migration, which is typically for periods of less than a year, is often treated as a form of immigration. 

The difference between the terms, an expatriate and an immigrant, is subtle. While immigrants commit themselves to becoming a part of their country of residence, the expatriates are only temporarily placed in the host country and plan to return to home country without adopting the culture in the host country.

Immigration, social cohesion and social capital: A critical review - Pauline Hope Cheong, State University of New York at Buffalo, Rosalind Edwards, Harry Goulbourne, London South Bank University, John Solomos, City University, London 
Critical Social Policy, Vol. 27, No. 1, 24-49 (2007) © 2007 Critical Social Policy Ltd
There has been an intense public and policy debate about ethnic diversity, community cohesion, and immigration in Britain and other societies worldwide. There has been a growing preoccupation with the possible dangers to social cohesion represented by growing immigration flows and ethnic diversity. Paper proposes a critical framework for assessing the links between immigration, social cohesion, and social capital. It argues that the concept of social capital is episodic, socially constructed and value-based, depending on the prevailing ideological climate. Considerations of social capital as a public policy tool to achieve social cohesion need to incorporate an appreciation of alternative conceptions of social capital rooted in a textured under-standing of immigrant processes and migration contexts. - csp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/27/1/24

European Integration, Public Opinion and Immigration Policy - Testing the Impact of National Identity - Adam Luedtke, University of Washington, USA, luedtke@u.washington.edu 
European Union Politics, Vol. 6, No. 1, 83-112 (2005) © 2005 SAGE Publications
This article empirically investigates the effect of national identity on public opinion towards European Union (EU) control over immigration policy. The EU has recently gained some control over immigration policy, but has faced strong opposition from reluctant national politicians. This study argues that public opinion is an important factor in explaining such reluctance. I propose a hypothesis of national identity to explain public opinion, positing that those who identify with their nation-states (vis-à-vis Europe) are less likely to support EU control over immigration policy than are those who identify with ‘Europe’. Using logistic regression, this factor is shown to be stronger than support for European integration, opinions about immigrants themselves, and other variables such as economic calculation, political ideology, age and gender. - eup.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/1/83

Challenges to Children’s Independent Citizenship - Immigration, family and the state 
Valerie Leiter, Simmons College, Jennifer Lutzy McDonald, Heather T. Jacobson, Brandeis University - Childhood, Vol. 13, No. 1, 11-27 (2006) © 2006 SAGE Publications
This article explores how recent federal legislation has increased the extent to which US children’s citizenship is dependent upon their parents’ citizenship, by contrasting children who are adopted internationally by US citizens and second-generation US children. Two interconnected phenomena are examined: (1) the broader material and theoretical relationships between children’s membership in families and the state; and (2) the social, political and economic inequalities that exist between these two groups of child citizens. The article also discusses some practical and theoretical implications of these analyses, regarding the dependence of child citizenship and the multidimensionality of citizenship. - chd.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/1/11

GENDER, ETHNICITY, AND IMMIGRATION - Double Disadvantage and Triple Disadvantage among Recent Immigrant Women in the Israeli Labor Market 
REBECA RAIJMAN, University of Chicago, MOSHE SEMYONOV, Tel-Aviv University 
Gender & Society, Vol. 11, No. 1, 108-125 (1997) © 1997 Sociologists for Women in Society
This article examines whether recent immigrant women in the Israeli labor market are at a "double disadvantage"—first as immigrants and second as women—and whether and to what extent such disadvantages differ across ethnic and geocultural groups. Data were obtained from the last available population census (1983). The analysis focuses on gender differences in employment opportunities among men and women who immigrated to Israel between 1979 and 1983. Data reveal that the double disadvantage of immigrant women is evident with regard to both labor force participation and occupational attainment. Immigrant women are less likely than immigrant men to join the Israeli labor market, and they face much greater occupational loss. Data also reveal an interaction effect between gender and ethnicity. Immigrant women from the less developed countries in Asia and Africa constitute the most disadvantaged group. This group of women appears to be at a "triple disadvantage." - gas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/1/108

Socio-economic effects of immigration in Greece 
Rossetos Fakiolas, National Technical University, Athens, Greece 
Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 9, No. 3, 211-230 (1999) © 1999 SAGE Publications
The undocumented economic immigrants (UEI) in Greece (about half a million since the early 1990s, forming the bulk of the immigration to the country) find jobs because of their wage and job-flexible labour and the rigidities in the Greek labour market. They have positive effects on the GDP through the increase in the supply of labour, and there is evidence that they also contribute to relieving the inflationary pressures on the economy. The immigrant-induced unemployment, the decreasing effect on real wages and the adverse distributional effects on income appear to be limited, but other tangible and intangible socio-economic costs are likely to be significant: the UEI expand further the underground economy, although their work is not among its main causes; they - among others - are often subject to exploitation, which exposes Greece to criticism that it benefits from their labour without offering them any opportunity to integrate economically and socially. Despite ample evidence that the recent increased criminality in Greece is mainly due to individuals and organized gangs who enter in order to commit crimes, usually in close collaboration with local people, many Greeks believe that the UEI are the main cause. Finally, by restricting increases in real wage costs, the UEI may have diminished the efforts to increase capital investment and economic restructuring. Until January 1998, when the five-month registration period for their regularization started, the undocumented immigrants - mostly young people without their families - had a short average stay in the country and no civil rights. Consequently, the 'positive' demographic and social effects of immigration have been limited. - esp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/3/211?ck=nck

The Construction of the Geography of Immigration as a Policy Problem 
The United States and Canada Compared 
Yasmeen Abu-Laban, Judith A. Garber, University of Alberta 
Urban Affairs Review, Vol. 40, No. 4, 520-561 (2005) © 2005 SAGE Publications
The release of 2000 U.S. Census and 2001 Canadian Census data sparked significant interest in immigrant dispersal outside major urban centers. This article shows the meaning of immigration settlement patterns is socially constructed by using a comparative textual analysis of newspaper coverage of census findings as well as government documents and think tank studies. The authors argue that in Canada, immigration settlement is interpreted as a national policy problem necessitating federal state intervention, whereas presentations in U.S. print media construct immigration settlement as the outcome of choices made by individual immigrants and, thus, as local policy problems. In each case, construction of immigrant dispersal draws on national mythologies and omits alternative interpretations of the geography of immigrant settlement. - uar.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/4/520

Cultural Traits and Immigration: Hostility and Suicidality in Chinese Canadian Students 
Pascale Aubert, Marc S. Daigle, University of Québec, Jean-Guy Daigle, University of Ottawa 
Transcultural Psychiatry, Vol. 41, No. 4, 514-532 (2004) © 2004 McGill University
Suicidality has been related to inwardly directed aggression. We compared convenience samples of 89 Canadian students of Chinese origin (CC) and 81 Canadian students from other backgrounds on measures of suicidality, hostility and aggression. The Chinese Canadian group reported higher levels of suicidality and hostility than the group of other Canadians. However, aggressive behaviors directed toward self or others were less frequent among Chinese Canadians. No differences were found between men and women. The results are interpreted by invoking the influence of Chinese culture on emotional restraint, particularly as regards aggressiveness. - tps.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/4/514