Globalization. The process is seen as driven by the growth of international capitalism and involving the transformation of the culture and social structures of non-capitalist and pre-industrial societies. A world-wide process of the internationalization of communication, trade and economic organization. In the economic sphere it can be seen in international trade agreements, vast increases in the volume of international trade and growing economic interdependency. It is also marked by the expansion of the size and power of multinational corporations.

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Globalization

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In the US, the they call it globalization. In France, mondialisation. In Spain and Latin America, it is globalizacion. The Germans call it Globalisierung.

The globalization process is seen as driven by the growth of international capitalism and involving the transformation of the culture and social structures of non-capitalist and pre-industrial societies.

Globalization is marked by the expansion of the size and power of multinational corporations. A world-wide process of the internationalization of communication, trade, human resource and economic organization.

The globalization process in the economic sphere can be seen in international trade agreements and the enormous increase in the volume of international trade and growing economic interdependency between countries.

Most people today refer to the time in which we live as the age of globalization. I prefer the term interdependence, because it makes it clear that the nature of the world today and our connections are far more than economic, and because it makes it clear that the consequences of those relationships can be both negative and positive. Interdependence simply means we cannot escape each other. We have to recognize that we cannot have a global economic system without building a global social system. - William J. Clinton

Challenges to Globalization

The radical transformation of economic structures and the metamorphosis or alterations of geo-political alignments has not only created new opportunities, but has also brought in new challenges on various fronts.

Are the politicization of "traditional" identities and the resurgence of nationalism a response to Western culture and the increasing dominance of liberal capitalism?

How has rapid and often unregulated economic transformation exacerbated ethnic and social tensions?

If many of these reactions have been defensive in nature, and are often at odds with democratic principles, neo-liberalism is being increasingly contested by popular democratic forces, including social movements and new transnational networks of civil society organizations. These movements have challenged neo-liberal policy prescriptions and their modes of implementation as anti-democratic and harmful to the poor.

The dismantling of the welfare state in the West and the retrenchment of the state and public services in the developing world have been fiercely resisted. Market forces are as such increasingly at odd with democratization, especially in the developing world.

The empowerment of subordinate groups and the increasing vibrancy of civil society that has accompanied democratic transitions has also, in many instances, triggered demands for more substantive outcomes, including greater equity and new challenges to the dominance of market forces.

In analytical terms two different, though not necessarily exclusive, alternative projects can be identified. The social-democratic response builds on the traditional politics of labor and focuses on the role of an affirmative democratic state in actively alleviating poverty, developing the national economy and managing a more equitable distribution of the gains of global integration.

New social movements, located in the resurgence of civil society, have built on new forms of association such as NGOs to cultivate universal identities (the women's, human rights and environmental movements) and to promote sustainable development and grass roots democracy.

Jan Aart Scholte's five broad definitions of 'globalization'.

Globalization as Internationalization. Here globalization is viewed 'as simply another adjective to describe cross-border relations between countries'. It describes the growth in international exchange and interdependence. With growing flows of trade and capital investment there is the possibility of moving beyond an inter-national economy, (where 'the principle entities are national economies') to a 'stronger' version - the globalized economy in which, 'distinct national economies are subsumed and rearticulated into the system by international processes and transactions' (Hirst and Peters 1996: 8 and 10).

Globalization as Liberalization. In this broad set of definitions, 'globalization' refers to 'a process of removing government-imposed restrictions on movements between countries in order to create an "open", "borderless" world economy' (Scholte 2000: 16). Those who have argued with some success for the abolition of regulatory trade barriers and capital controls have sometimes clothed this in the mantle of 'globalization'.

Globalization as Universalization. In this use, 'global' is used in the sense of being 'worldwide' and 'globalization' is 'the process of spreading various objects and experiences to people at all corners of the earth'. A classic example of this would be the spread of computing, television etc.

Globalization as Westernization or Modernization (especially in an 'Americanized' form). Here 'globalization' is understood as a dynamic, 'whereby the social structures of modernity (capitalism, rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, etc.) are spread the world over, normally destroying pre-existent cultures and local self-determination in the process.

Globalization as Deterritorialization (or as the spread of supraterritoriality). Here 'globalization' entails a 'reconfiguration of geography, so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial distances and territorial borders. Anthony Giddens' has thus defined globalization as ' the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. (Giddens 1990: 64). David Held et al (1999: 16) define globalization as a ' process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions - assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact - generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows and networks of activity'.

Globalization as Deterritorialization, offers a clear and specific definition of globalization. The notion of supraterritoriality (or trans-world or trans-border relations), Scholte argues, provides a way into appreciating what is global about globalization.

There is no need to replace the 'internationalization' by 'globalization' where it refers to a growth in interaction and interdependence between people in different countries. This process of internationalization has been going for centuries - and it adds nothing theoretically to describe it as globalization.

To describe the process of breaking down regulatory and other barriers to trade as globalization is similarly flawed. 'The liberal discourse of "free" trade is quite adequate to convey these ideas' (Scholte 2000: 45).

The notion of globalization as universalization also fails to provide new insight. The move towards universalization is a long-running one - and so little or nothing is added by substituting the notion of globalization.

The understanding of globalization as westernization has developed particularly in the context of neocolonialism and post-colonial imperialism. It is, again, difficult to see what advance the notion of globalization provides as against the discourse of colonialism, imperialism and 'modernization'.

Important new insight can, however, be gained from approaching globalization as the growth of 'supraterritorial' or transworld relations between people. It allows for us to explore deep-seated changes in the way that we understand and experience social space.

The proliferation and spread of supraterritorial... connections brings an end to what could be called 'territorialism', that is a situation where social geography is entirely territorial. Although... territory still matters very much in our globalizing world, it no longer constitutes the whole of our geography. (Scholte 2000: 46)

The first four approaches are all compatible with territorialism, the fifth is not. Within a territorial orientation 'place' is identified primarily with regard to territorial location. However, we have witnessed a fundamental change. There has been a massive growth in social connections that are unhooked in significant ways from territory.

Aaronson, Susan A. Taking Trade to the Streets: The Lost History of Public Efforts to Shape Globalization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001.

Abrahamson, Mark. Global Cities. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Globalization and Global Culture.

Abu-Rabi, Ibrahim M. Islamism, Arabism, Socialism, and Globalization. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2004. Religion and Global Culture.

Adams, Francis, Satya Dev Gupta, and Kidane Mengisteab. Globalization and the Dilemmas of the State in the South. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.

African Industry 2000: The Challenge of Going Global. Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2000.

Aharoni, Yair, and Lilach Nachum. Globalization of Services: Some Implications for Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge, 2000.

Ahunwan, Boniface. Globalization and Corporate Governance in Developing Countries. Ardsley, NY: Transnational, 2002.

Albritton, Robert, ed. New Socialisms: Futures beyond Globalization. London: Routledge, 2004.

Albritton, Robert. Phases of Capitalist Development: Booms, Crises, and Globalizations. New York: Palgrave, 2001.

Alm�s, Reidar, and Geoffrey Lawrence. Globalization, Localization, and Sustainable Livelihoods. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2003.

Amoore, Louise. Globalisation Contested: An International Political Economy of Work. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2002.

Anderson, Sarah. Views From the South: The Effects of Globalization and the WTO on Third World Countries. Oakland, CA: Food First Books and the International Forum on Globalization, 2000.

Anderson, Walt. All Connected Now: Life in the First Global Civilization. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001. Globalization and Global Culture.

Ansell-Pearson, Keith, Benita Parry, Judith Squires, eds. Cultural Readings of Imperialism: Edward Said and the Gravity of History. New York: St. Martin's, 1997

Archibugi, Daniele, and Bengt-�ke Lundvall. The Globalizing Learning Economy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Archibugi, Daniele, Jeremy Howells, and Jonathan Michie. Innovation Policy in a Global Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Arestis, Philip, Michelle Baddeley, and J. S. L. McCombie. Globalisation, Regionalism, and Economic Activity. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2003.

Arestis, Philip, Michelle Baddeley, and J. S. L. McCombie. What Global Economic Crisis? Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2001.

Armijo, Leslie E. Debating the Global Financial Architecture. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. Globalization and Global Culture.

Aronowitz, Stanley, Heather Gautney, and Clyde W. Barrow. Implicating Empire: Globalization and Resistance in the 21st Century. New York: Basic Books, 2002.

Artz, Lee, and Yahya R. Kamalipour. The Globalization of Corporate Media Hegemony. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.

Atasoy, Yildiz, and William K. Carroll. Global Shaping and Its Alternatives. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2002.

Atasoy, Yildiz, and William K. Carroll. Global Shaping and Its Alternatives. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2002. Globalization and Global Culture.

Auernheimer, Leonardo. International Financial Markets: The Challenge of Globalization. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2002.

Baker, Dean, Gerald A. Epstein, and Robert Pollin. Globalization and Progressive Economic Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Balchin, Paul N., David Isaac, and Jean J. Chen. Urban Economics: A Global Perspective. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2000.

Baldersheim, Harald, and Jean-Pascal Daloz. Political Leadership in a Global Age: The Experience of France and Norway. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003.

Baldwin, Richard E. Market Integration, Regionalism, and the Global Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Baldwin, Richard E., and Philippe J. Martin. Two Waves of Globalization: Superficial Similarities, Fundamental Differences. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

Baldwin, Robert E., and L. Alan Winters. Challenges to Globalization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.

Balling, Morten, et al. Adapting to Financial Globalisation. London: Routledge, 2001.

Bamyeh, Mohammed. The Ends of Globalization. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2000.

Barrett-Lennard, Brian. Anti-Globalisation. Mornington, Australia: Beach Box Books, 2001.

Basedow, J�rgen, and Toshiyuki Kono. Legal Aspects of Globalization: Conflict of Laws, Internet, Capital Markets, and Insolvency in a Global Economy. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000.

Bayes, Jane H., and Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi. Globalization, Gender, and Religion: The Politics of Women's Rights in Catholic and Muslim Contexts. New York: Palgrave, 2001.

Baylis, John, and Steve Smith. The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Befu, Harumi, and Sylvie Guichard-Anguis. Globalizing Japan: Ethnography of the Japanese Presence in Asia, Europe and America. London: Routledge, 2001.

Bello, Walden F. Deglobalization: New Ideas for Running the World's Economy. New York: Zed Books, 2002. Globalization and Global Culture.

Bello, Walden F., and Mittal Anuradha. The Future in the Balance: Essays on Globalization and Resistance. Oakland, CA: Food First Books, 2001.

Bende-Nabende, Anthony. Globalisation, FDI, Regional Integration and Sustainable Development: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2002.

Bender, Thomas. Rethinking American History in a Global Age. Univ.of California Press, 2002.

Bener�a, Lourdes, and Savitri Bisnath, eds. Global Tensions: Challenges and Opportunities in the World Economy. New York: Routledge, 2004. Globalization and Global Culture.

Benhabib, Seyla. Transformations of Citizenship: Dilemmas of the Nation State in the Era of Globalization: Two Lectures. Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum, 2001.

Bennholdt-Thomsen, Veronika, Nicholas Faraclas, and Claudia von Werlhof. There Is an Alternative: Subsistence and Worldwide Resistance to Corporate Globalization. Australia: Zed Books, 2001.

Berberoglu, Berch. Globalization of Capital and the Nation-State: Imperialism, Class Struggle, and the State in the Age of Global Capitalism. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003.

Berberoglu, Berch. Labor and Capital in the Age of Globalization: The Labor Process and the Changing Nature of Work in the Global Economy. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002.

Berberoglu, Berch. Labor, Capital and the State: The Changing Nature of Work in the Global Economy. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.

Beynon, John, and David Dunkerley. Globalization: The Reader. New York: Routledge, 2000.

Bhagwati, Jagdish N. The Wind of the Hundred Days: How Washington Mismanaged Globalization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.

Bhalla, Surjit S. Imagine There's No Country: Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in the Era of Globalization. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2002.

Bieler, Andreas, and Adam D. Morton. Social Forces in the Making of the New Europe: The Restructuring of European Social Relations in the Global Political Economy. UK: Palgrave, 2001.

Bigelow, Bill, and Bob Peterson. Rethinking Globalization: Teaching for Justice in an Unjust World. Milwaukee, WI: Rethinking Schools Press, 2002.

Black, Jan K. Inequity in the Global Village: Recycled Rhetoric and Disposable People. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2003.

Black, Sandra E., and Elizabeth Brainerd. Importing Equality?: The Impact of Globalization on Gender Discrimination. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

Bloch, Harry. Growth and Development in the Global Economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2003.

Bloomfield, Lincoln Palmer. Global Markets and National Interests: The New Geopolitics of Energy, Capital, and Information. Washington, DC: CSIS Press, 2002.

Blouet, Brian W. Geopolitics and Globalization in the Twentieth Century. London: Reaktion, 2001.

Boncompagni, Adriano. The World Is Just Like a Village: Globalization and Transnationalism of Italian Migrants From Tuscany in Western Australia. Fucecchio, Italy: European Press Academic, 2001. Globalization and Global Culture.

Bonefeld, Werner, and Kosmas Psychopedis. The Politics of Change: Globalization, Ideology, and Critique. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2000.

Bordo, Michael D., and Antu Panini Murshid. Globalization and Changing Patterns in the International Transmission of Shocks in Financial Markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

Bordo, Michael D., and Marc Flandreau. Core, Periphery, Exchange Rate Regimes and Globalization. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

Bordo, Michael D., et al. Globalization in Historical Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Bordo, Michael D., et al. Is Globalization Today Really Different Than Globalization a Hundred Years Ago? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline A. The Foreign Policies of the Global South: Rethinking Conceptual Frameworks. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003.

Brecher, Jeremy, Tim Costello, and Brendan Smith. Globalization From Below: The Power of Solidarity. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2000.

Brennan, Teresa. Globalization and Its Terrors: Daily Life in the West. London: Routledge, 2003.

Breslin, Shaun. New Regionalism in the Global Political Economy. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Broad, Robin. Global Backlash: Citizen Initiatives for a Just World Economy. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002.

Brubaker, Pamela. Globalization at What Price?: Economic Change and Daily Life. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2001.

Brunsvick, Yves, and Andr� Danzin. Birth of a Civilization: The Shock of Globalization. Paris: UNESCO, 1999.

Bryant, Christopher G. A., and David Jary. The Contemporary Giddens: Social Theory in a Globalizing Age. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2001.

Brysk, Alison, and Gershon Shafir, eds. People out of Place: Globalization, Human Rights, and the Citizenship Gap. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Budd, Eric N. Democritization, Development, and the Patrimonial State in the Age of Globalization. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004.

Buelens, Frans. Globalisation and the Nation-State. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1999.

Buell, Frederick. National Culture and the New Global System. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1994.

Bulcke, D. van den, Alain Verbeke, and John H. Dunning. Globalization and the Small Open Economy. Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar, 2001.

Burbach, Roger, Fiona Jeffries, and William I. Robinson. Globalization and Postmodern Politics: From Zapatistas to High Tech Robber Barons. London: Pluto Press, 2001.

Burtless, Gary, and Robert E. Litan. Globaphobia Revisited: Open Trade and Its Critics. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001.

Busumtwi-Sam, James, and Laurent Dobuzinskis. Turbulence and New Directions in Global Political Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Cable, Vincent. Globalization and Global Governance. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999.

Cameron, David, and Janice G. Stein. Street Protests and Fantasy Parks: Globalization, Culture, and the State. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2002.

Camilleri, Joseph A., et al. Reimagining the Future: Towards Democratic Governance: A Report of the Global Governance Reform Project. Bundoora, Australia: Department of Politics, La Trobe University, 2000. Globalization and Global Culture.

Candland, Christopher, and Rudra Sil. The Politics of Labor in a Global Age: Continuity and Change in Late-Industralizing and Post-Socialist Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Cardosa, Eliana A., and Ahmed Galal. External Environment, Globalization, and Reform. Cairo: Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, 2003.

Carnoy, Martin. Globalization and Educational Reform: What Planners Need to Know. Paris: UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning, 1999.

Carraro, Carlo. Governing the Global Environment. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2003.

Castello, Sergio A., and Terutomo Ozawa. Globalization of Small Economies as a Strategic Behavior in International Business. New York: Garland, 1999.

Castells, Manuel, et al. Challenges of Globalisation: South African Debates with Manuel Castells. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman, 2001.

Castells, Manuel. Information Technology, Globalization and Social Development. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1999.

Cavanagh, John. Alternatives to Economic Globalization: A Better World Is Possible: A Report of the International Forum on Globalization. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2002.

Chan, Steve, and James R. Scarritt. Coping With Globalization: Cross-National Patterns in Domestic Governance and Policy Performance. Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2002.

Chang, Ha-Joon. Globalization, Economic Development, and the Role of the State. London: Zed Books, 2002.

Chatterji, Manas, and Partha Gangopadhyay. Economics of Globalization. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2003.

Cheah, Pheng and Bruce Robbins. Cosmopolitics: Thinking and Feeling Beyond the Nation. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1998.

Cheng, Leonard K., and Henryk Kierzkowski. Global Production and Trade in East Asia. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2001. Globalization and Global Culture.

Cheru, Fantu. African Renaissance: Roadmaps to the Challenge of Globalization. London: Zed Books, 2002.

Choi, E. Kwan, and David Greenaway, eds. Globalization and Labor Markets. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.

Chua, Amy. World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. New York: Doubleday, 2003.

Ciprut, Jose V. Of Fears and Foes: Security and Insecurity in an Evolving Global Political Economy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001.

Clark, Cal, and Robert S. Montjoy. Globalization's Impact on State-Local Economic Development Policy. Huntington, NY: Nova Science, 2001.

Clark, John. Worlds Apart: Civil Society and the Battle for Ethical Globalization. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2003.

Clark, Robert P. Global Awareness: Thinking Systematically About the World. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002.

Clark, Robert P. Global Life Systems: Population, Food, and Disease in the Process of Globalization. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000.

Clarkson, Stephen, and Marjorie Griffin Cohen. Governing under Stress: Middle Powers and the Challenge of Globalization. New York: Zed Books, 2004.

Clarkson, Stephen. Uncle Sam and Us: Globalization, Neoconservatism, and the Canadian State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002.

Cohen, Edward S. The Politics of Globalization in the United States. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2001.

Cohen, Marjorie G., and Stephen McBride . Global Turbulence: Social Activists' and State Responses to Globalization. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2002.

Cohen, Stephen S., and Gavin Boyd. Corporate Governance and Globalization: Long Range Planning Issues. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2000.

Cohn, Theodore H., Stephen McBride, and John R. Wiseman. Power in the Global Era: Grounding Globalization. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.

Coicaud, Jean-Marc, Michael W. Doyle, and Anne-Marie Gardner. The Globalization of Human Rights. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2003.

Coker, Christopher. Globalisation and Insecurity in the Twenty-First Century: NATO and the Management of Risk. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Coleman, Simon. The Globalisation of Charismatic Christianity: Spreading the Gospel of Prosperity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Collier, Paul, and David Dollar. Globalization, Growth, and Poverty: Building an Inclusive World Economy. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Comeliau, Christian. The Impasse of Modernity: Debating the Future of the Global Market Economy. London: Zed Books, 2002.

Compton, Robert W. East Asian Democratization: Impact of Globalization, Culture, and Economy. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000.

Compton, Robert W. Transforming East Asian Domestic and International Politics: The Impact of Economy and Globalization. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2002.

Conaghan, Joanne, Richard M. Fischl, and Karl E. Klare. Labour Law in an Era of Globalization: Transformative Practices and Possibilities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Congressional Quarterly. Global Issues: Selections from The CQ Researcher. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2001. Globalization and Global Culture.

Cooper, Andrew Fenton. Enhancing Global Governance: Towards a New Diplomacy. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2002.

Courchene, Thomas J. Room to Manoeuvre?: Globalization and Policy Convergence. Kingston, Ontario: John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy, Queen's University, 1999.

Crafts, N. F. R. Globalization and Growth in the Twentieth Century. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2000. Globalization and Global Culture.

Craig, Timothy J., and Richard King. Global Goes Local: Popular Culture in Asia. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2002.

Cross, Malcolm, and Robert Moore. Globalization and the New City: Migrants, Minorities and Urban Transformations in Comparative Perspective. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2002.

Croucher, Sheila L. Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity in a Changing World. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.

Currie, Jan, Bev Thiele, and Patricia Harris. Gendered Universities in Globalized Economies: Power, Careers, and Sacrifices. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002.

Cusimano-Love, Maryann. Beyond Sovereignty: Issues for a Global Agenda. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2002.

Cuyvers, L. Globalisation and Social Development: European and Southeast Asian Evidence. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2001.

Dadush, Uri B., et al. Private Capital Flows in the Age of Globalization: The Aftermath of the Asian Crisis. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2000.

Dallach, Hans-Peter Meir, and Jakob Juchler. Postsocialist Transformations and Civil Society in a Globalizing World. Huntington, NY: Nova Science, 2001.

Dallmayr, Fred R. Achieving Our World: Toward a Global and Plural Democracy. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.

Danaher, Kevin, and Roger Burbach. Globalize This!: The Battle Against the World Trade Organization and Corporate Rule. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000.

Daniels, John D., et al. Global Business: Environments and Strategies: Managing for Global Competitive Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Daniels, John D., Lee H. Radebaugh, and Daniel P. Sullivan. Globalization and Business. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2001.

Das, Dilip K. Global Trading System at the Crossroads: A Post-Seattle Perspective. London: Routledge, 2001.

De Greiff, Pablo, and Ciaran Cronin. Global Justice and Transnational Politics: Essays on the Moral and Political Challenges of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.

De Soysa, Indra. Foreign Direct Investment, Democracy, and Development: Assessing Contours, Correlates, and Concomitants of Globalization. London: Routledge, 2003.

Deacon, Bob. Globalization and Social Policy: The Threat to Equitable Welfare. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 2000.

Debrah, Yaw A., et al. Globalization, Employment and the Workplace: Diverse Impacts. London: Routledge, 2002. Globalization and Global Culture.

Derber, Charles. People Before Profit: The New Globalization in the Age of Terror, Big Money, and Economic Crisis. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2002.

Dezalay, Yves, and Bryant G. Garth. Global Prescriptions: The Production, Exportation, and Importation of a New Legal Orthodoxy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002.

Dholakia, Nikhilesh. Global E-Commerce and Online Marketing: Watching the Evolution. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2002.

Di Leo, Jeffrey R. and Christian Moraru. "Escaping Monstrosity: On Disfiguring and Refiguring Europe." Symploke: A Journal for the Intermingling of Literary,Cultural and Theoretical Scholarship 5, no. 1-2 (1999): 95-98.

Dieckheuer, Gustav, and Boguslaw Fiedor. Competition, Environment, and Trade in the Globalized Economy. New York: Peter Lang, 2002.

Dierckxsens, Wim. The Limits of Capitalism: An Approach to Globalization Without Neoliberalism. London: Zed Books, 2000.

Dierks, Rosa G. Introduction to Globalization: Political and Economic Perspectives for the New Century. Chicago: Burnham, 2001.

Djelic, Marie-Laure, and Sigrid Quack. Globalization and Institutions: Redefining the Rules of the Economic Game. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2003.

Doh, Jonathan P., and Hildy Teegen. Globalization and NGOs: Transforming Business, Governments, and Society. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.

Dolfsma, Wilfred, and Charlie Dannreuther. Globalisation, Social Capital, and Inequality: Contested Concepts, Contested Experiences. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2003.

Dominique, C. Ren�. Unfettered Globalization: A New Economic Orthodoxy. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. Globalization and Global Culture.

Doumato, Eleanor A., and Marsha P. Posusney. Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East: Gender, Economy, and Society. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002.

Dow, Sheila C., and John Hillard. Keynes, Uncertainty and the Global Economy: Beyond Keynes, Volume Two. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2002.

Drabek, Zdenek. Globalisation Under Threat: The Stability of Trade Policy and Multilateral Agreements. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2001.

Drachman, Edward R., and Alan Shank. You Decide!: Controversial Global Issues. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003.

Dragun, Andrew K., and C. A. Tisdell. Sustainable Agriculture and Environment: Globalisation and the Impact of Trade Liberalisation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1999.

Drainville, Andre C. Contesting Globalization: Space and Place in the World Economy. London: Routledge, 2003.

Dunaway, Wilma A. Emerging Issues in the 21st Century World-System. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. Globalization and Global Culture.

Dunning, John H. Proceedings of New Jersey in a Globalizing Economy: A One-Day Conference. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University and Center for International Business Education and Research, 1999.

Dunning, John H. Regions, Globalization, and the Knowledge-Based Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Dunning, John H., et al. Proceedings of Globalization: A Two Edged Sword: Economic and Social Implications: Implications for Political Systems and Nation States: Two One Day Conferences. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University, 1999.

Duong, Thanh. Hegemonic Globalisation: U.S. Centrality and Global Strategy in the Emerging World Order. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2002.

During, Simon. "Popular Culture on a Global Scale: A Challenge for Cultural Studies?" Critical Inquiry 23, no. 4 (1997): 808-33

Eckes, Alfred E., and Thomas W. Zeiler. Globalization and the American Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Edwards, Lee. The Global Economy: Changing Politics, Family, and Society. St. Paul, MN: Professors World Peace Academy, 2001.

Edwards, Michael, and John Gaventa. Global Citizen Action. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001.

Edwards, Richard, and Robin Usher. Globalisation and Pedagogy: Space, Place, and Identity. London: Routledge, 2000.

Edwards, Samuel, ed. Trade in the Global Economy. Huntington, NY: Nova Science, 2001.

Eichengreen, Barry J. Capitalizing on Globalization. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2002. Globalization and Global Culture.

Eichengreen, Barry J., and Michael D. Bordo. Crises Now and Then: What Lessons from the Last Era of Financial Globalization? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

Elliott, Kimberly A., and Richard B. Freeman. White Hats or Don Quixotes?: Human Rights Vigilantes in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

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