ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
Those factors that encourage or cause a particular outcome,
for example addiction to hard drugs is a factor that can lead people into prostitution or
criminal behavior; being raised in a violent home is a factor that can lead to violent
behavior or being victimized by violence.
ETIOLOGY
The study of the origins or causes of things. Typically used in medical research
to describe the study of the causes of disease, but the term is also used in the social
sciences in reference to social problems like crime and deviance.
Etiological Factors and Long Term Consequences of Child
Abuse - J. Vesterdal
This is a difficult area for statistics because (a) the extent of the problem is always
shrouded. Only the worst cases come before the courts; some are known by the authorities,
some by neighbours and acquaintances, some only by the victim and the aggressor; (b) the
line between legitimate punishment and abuse varies in different countries and at
different periods, and can be difficult to draw with any certainty. -
ijo.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/27/1/21
Case-control study of dietary etiological factors: the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer
Study.Kune S, Kune GA, Watson LF.
As part of a large-scale investigation of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence, etiology, and
survival, a case-control study was conducted to identify dietary factors associated with
the risk of CRC. The study compared 715 cases with 727 age- and sex-matched community
controls. A quantitative diet history, assessed to be the most representative of the
previous 20 years, was obtained from each subject and analyzed for both food groups and
nutrients. The combination of a high-fiber and high-vegetable intake was found to be
protective against large bowel cancer. Cruciferous vegetable intake was also found,
although with less certainty, to be protective. Dietary vitamin C was protective for
estimated intakes greater than 230 mg/day. Dietary Beta-carotene had no separate
association with the risk of CRC. Beef intake was a risk factor in males but not in
females. Fat intake was a risk factor for both males and females. A low intake of milk
drinks was a risk for both males and females. A high intake of pork and fish was
protective. The use of vitamin supplements was highly protective. A risk score, which was
calculated as the number of risk factors an individual has in his or her diet, showed an
increasing monotonic relationship with risk of CRC. The effects of the dietary variables
were similar for colon and rectal cancer and, with the exception of beef, were similar for
males and females. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Family interactions as etiological factors in mental
disorders: An analysis of the American Journal of Insanity, 1844-1848 - WR McPeak
A review of the first four volumes of the American Journal of Insanity indicated that the
primary etiological factor noted by authors during that period was disturbed brain
functioning, although emotional factors were often mentioned as additional explanations
for mental illness. The influence of familial factors and interactions on the development
of mental illness was rarely explored. The author concludes that psychiatry at this time
did not yet recognize the importance of the dynamics of and interpersonal stresses within
family relationships. - ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/12/1327
Changing presentation of seizures with aging: clinical and etiological factors.DeToledo
JC,.University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
BACKGROUND: The historically higher incidence of seizures in children has changed, the
elderly now have a higher incidence than any age-group, 2-3 times of that found in
children. Classical teachings on etiologies, clinical presentation and progression of
seizures are based on observations of a younger population and need to be revised in view
of features unique to this age-group. The findings of two large VA cooperative studies
show that even in sophisticated medical environments, up to 30% of patients 60 years and
older with recurrent partial seizures go undiagnosed for more than 1 year of seizure
onset. OBJECTIVE: (a) To characterize the manifestations of auras, seizures and postictal
states in the elderly and the relevance of various etiologies to these presentations. (b)
To identify and discuss factors that contribute to the difficulties in the diagnosis of
seizures in this population. METHODS: A review of our experience in treating a large
population of elderly patients in a university epilepsy center and a review of the
literature relating to the problem. CONCLUSIONS: Seizures in the elderly are both
overdiagnosed and underdiagnosed: either situation can have serious adverse consequences.
Diversity of etiologies and atypical presentations make recognition of seizures difficult.
Histories are frequently inadequate: complaints of multiple physical symptoms confuse the
picture, unwillingness of elderly patients to admit to problems they believe are
physiological in nature by the fear others may think they are 'losing their mind' and high
staff turnover result in erratic identification of problems. The significant morbidity and
mortality associated with poorly controlled seizures in this population are in large part
preventable since excellent response to treatment can be achieved in more than 80% of
individuals. The correct diagnosis of seizures is more likely if both physician and
patients are familiar with the nuances of epilepsy in the elderly. - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The etiological factors that influence sexual offending
Abstract: The etiological factors that influence sexual offending continue to be
investigated. The present study investigates childhood victimization, early exposure to
pornography, and victim empathy as predictors of number and type of victims selected. For
188 incarcerated sexual offenders, admissions of victims and disclosures of childhood
experiences of abuse and early exposure to pornography were recorded from criminal
history, a sexual history questionnaire, and polygraph examinations. Offender empathy was
assessed using victim- and abuse-specific measures. Structural equation modeling was used
to test a model that included the direct effects of childhood victimization and early
exposure to pornography on number and type of victims, as well as the mediated effects
through an influence of lack of empathy. Childhood victimization and low empathy predicted
the number and type of victims selected by the offender. Offenders who reported sexual
abuse as children and early exposure to pornography displayed less empathy for children in
abusive situations, and they had more reported child victims. Offenders who reported
physical abuse as children displayed less empathy for women in abusive situations and they
reported more adult victims. Findings support a mediational model, where lack of empathy
mediated the associations between childhood factors and adult risk for sexual offending.
These findings indicate that childhood experiences of victimization and exposure to
sexually explicit material impact adult sexual offending by reducing one’s empathy
for victims in abusive situations. - web.uccs.edu/dsimons/childhoodabstract.pdf
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