A command economy needs a political system that is centrally planned. Soviet Union is an example of a real and successful command economy. Market Economy may include hypothetical Laissez Faire, free market, regulated markets and interventionist variants. Command economy is economy directed by state authorities, rather than market forces. Mesopotamia and Egypt are examples of such command economy. Command economy comes from the German Befehlswirtschaft and was initially used to describe the Nazi economy. In command economy businesses don't freely respond to the laws of supply and demand in a command economy, and government replaces the forces that operate in free market economics.
Command economy was common in the ancient world. Command economy was found in medieval societies like Rome, China and among the Inca. In modern times, command economy is dominant in the Soviet-style communist societies, where state central planning agencies have established production targets and fixed the levels of prices. A command economy is an economy where supply and price are regulated by the government, not market forces.
The concept of a command economy was developed by Viennese economist Otto Neurath. A command economy or administrative command economy describes a country using Soviet-type economic planning which was characteristic of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc before most of these countries converted to market economies. Most of a command economy is organized in a top-down administrative model by a central authority.
Centrally planned command economy can be identified by the following characteristics:
1. In a command economy the government creates a central economic plan for all
sectors and regions of the country.
2. In a command economy the government allocates all resources according to the central
plan.
3. In a command economy the central plan sets the priorities for production of all goods
and services.
4. In a command economy the government owns a monopoly business in industries deemed
important to the goals of the economy.
5. In a command economy the government creates the laws that regulate economic activity.
Command economies are great at mobilizing economic
resources quickly, effectively and on a large scale.
Command economies are also good at wholly transforming societies to conform to a vision.
The command economy in Russia built up an effective military might and quickly rebuilt the
economy after World War II.
This rapid mobilization means command economies ignore other societal needs. Command
economy develops a shadow economy, or black market, to buy and sell the things the command
economy isn't producing.
Command economies produce too much of one thing. Rationing often becomes necessary.
Command economies don't stimulate innovation.
Command economies have trouble producing the right exports at global market prices.
North Korea, China and Russia are the examples of command economies. Russia's Gosplan was the longest running.
The new global command economy -
Mohameden Ould-Mey.
Abstract. Although the process of globalization has brought about more liberalization and
decentralization of political economies at the national level, it has also created a far
more regimented and centralized economy and polity at the international level. This shift
of the center of gravity of political economy from the national to the international level
is what the phrase the new global command economy attempts to grasp. I analyze how the new global command economy continues to perpetuate the
core-periphery divide through what the G7 economic summit has labeled a new global
partnership between developing countries, developed countries, and multilateral
institutions.
Profiting from Government Stakes in a Command
Economy: Evidence from Chinese Asset Sales
- Charles Calomiris, Raymond Fisman, Yongxiang Wang.
Abstract: The market response to an unexpected announcement of proposed sales of
government-owned shares in China. In contrast to the "privatization premium"
found in earlier work, we find a negative effect of government ownership on returns at the
announcement date and a symmetric positive effect in response to the announced
cancellation of the government sell-off.
The Stalinist Command Economy - PAUL R. GREGORY.
This article outlines the key features of the traditional administrative command economy
model used by the centrally planned socialist economies to allocate resources. The
administrative command economy model permits the party leadership to set priorities and
monitor their fulfillment through the state economic bureaucracy and local party
apparatus.
Command Economy - Richard E. Ericson.
Edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume.
Abstract: The concept of a command economy, a construct in the theory of
comparative economic systems, is defined, and its origins, characteristics, and
consequences for any society in which it is implemented are explored. Although initially appearing to be a true
alternative to the market economy, a command economy, most nearly realized in the Soviet
Union (193087), proved to be ultimately non-viable, collapsing under reforms
attempting to make it competitive with market systems.
Plan, siphoning and corruption in the Soviet command economy
Harrison, Mark, and Kim, Byung-Yeon.
Abstract: This paper reconsiders Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishnys suggestion that
a socialist industry will always prefer to cut both price and output relative to a
market-clearing equilibrium in order to maximise bribe income. The empirical evidence from recent archival studies of the
Soviet economy does not support this conjecture.
Migration of railway freight transport from command economy to market economy: the
case of China - Xie R.; Chen H.; Nash C.
Abstract: In recent years, Chinese railway freight transport has been facing
great challenges from transport market reformation and economic expansion.
Although the total volume of railway freight has been increasing, its market
share has decreased greatly, especially at the beginning of migration from
command economy to market economy.
Dynamic instability of a command economy
Miyamoto Katsuhiro, University of Osaka Prefecture.
Abstract: In 1991, the former Soviet Union collapsed. It was mainly because of an
inefficiency of the command economy of socialism. The command economy brought about a
downfall of productivity in all industries. The government of Russia and other counties of
the former Soviet Union are planning to shift from the centralized command economic system
to the market economic system. We will theoretically analyze that the centralized command
economic system has its own instability of socialism.
A State under Siege: Military Origins of Command Economies - Osinsky,
Pavel.
Abstract: The purpose of my paper is to explain the phenomenon of modern command economies. A command economy refers to direct state control over production, distribution and consumption of resources. It involves not a market regulation but an administrative regulation as a dominant form of economic organization.
Scholars argue that command
economies were first instituted among the major belligerent powers in Europe during World
War One (Porter 1994, Scott 1998). I accept this argument as a central premise of my
study. My war-centered explanation of command
economies is consistent with the Kornais (1980) description of state socialist
economies as resource-constrained systems, or economies of shortage.
TRANSITION FROM A COMMAND ECONOMY: RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS AND COLD TURKEY. MURRAY WOLFSON. Journal article by Murray Wolfson.
Although the transition from a command economy to a market economy is perilous, the author
advises policymakers that retarding the tempo of change will invite economic and political
disaster.
Nations of the former communist world face an urgent question: How do they make the
transition from the command economy of direct planning, to the "market economy"?
While policymakers understand command economy only too well, they envision "market
economy" only imperfectly.
Seasonal anthropometric cycles in a command economy: The case of Czechoslovakia,
19461966 - Tomas Cvrcek, Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University.
Abstract: Anthropometric evidence is used to shed light on the living standards in early
communist Czechoslovakia (19461966). Height and weight variation of adolescent boys
exhibit a pattern that is inconsistent with that for a normal healthy population. This
pattern arose from periodic food supply shortages, most marked in the spring of each year.
The boys in the sample display a remarkably slow growth during the spring but catch up
over the summer.
Managing human resources in a post-command economy: personnel administration or
strategic HRM - Thomas Garavan, Michael Morley, Noreen Heraty, Jacinta
Lucewicz, Adam Suchodolski.
Abstract: Reviews the changes in personnel/HRM practices within a post-command economy.
Explores personnel/HRM practices within 25 Polish companies and reports on the diversity
of personnel/HRM practices in evidence.
Priority, Duality, and Penetration in the Soviet Command Economy,
Ericson, Richard E. RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA. This Note analyzes characteristics of the Soviet economy that are
underemphasized in existing macroeconomic models of the Soviet Union. The analysis is
carried out in a series of simple two-sector macromodels of plan implementation in a
priority-driven command economy.
Coercion, compliance, and the collapse of the
Soviet command economy.
Harrison, Mark. Economic History Review.
Abstract: Are command systems that rest on coercion inherently unstable, and did the
Soviet economy collapse for this reason? Until it collapsed, the Soviet economy did not
appear unstable. Why, then, did it collapse?
From Command Economy to Hollow State? Decentralisation in Vietnam and China
Painter, Martin, City University of Hong Kong.
Abstract: In Vietnam and China, decentralisation is a by-product, both by default and
design, of the transition to a state-managed market economy. A dual process of horizontal
and vertical decentralisation is occurring simultaneously in both the economic and
political arena.
The command economy cometh - Donald C. Wellington.
Abstract: The paper is a philosophical discourse on capitalism and its intellectual
rationalization, economic theory. Both blithely ignore the most fundamental character of
the human condition.
Increasing the Validity of Post Command Economy Research and Application
by Rene Dentiste Mueller and James D Mueller.
Abstract: The demise of communism in the post command economies has created
considerable interest from both academics and practitioners. Post command economies
researchers have failed to consider fundamental issues related to
cross-cultural/cross-national research design. This paper highlights a number of problems
researchers face when investigating Post Command Economy regional phenomena.